Correct Answer: anemia
when assessing a 39-year-old female with chronic renal failure, the adult nurse practitioner is likely to find anemia as a common clinical finding. anemia in this context is primarily due to the impaired production of erythropoietin, a hormone predominantly produced by the kidneys. erythropoietin plays a critical role in the regulation of red blood cell production in the bone marrow. in chronic renal failure, the damaged kidneys are unable to produce sufficient amounts of this hormone, leading to decreased production of red blood cells, and consequently, anemia.
chronic renal failure, also known as chronic kidney disease, progresses over time with a gradual loss of kidney function. this condition can lead to various metabolic and systemic complications including changes in water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. however, symptoms such as low blood pressure (hypotension) and constipation are not characteristically primary issues directly associated with renal failure. instead, they might occur as secondary complications or due to other underlying conditions or medications.
aside from anemia, other common laboratory findings in chronic renal failure include increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (bun) levels, which are indicators of the kidneys' filtration efficiency. electrolyte imbalances such as hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) and hyperphosphatemia (high phosphate levels) are also typical due to the decreased excretion capabilities of the failing kidneys. contrary to option d, low sodium and potassium serum levels are not typical; in fact, potassium levels are often elevated.
understanding these manifestations of chronic renal failure is crucial for the management and treatment of patients. treatment strategies may include erythropoiesis-stimulating agents to address anemia, and careful management of fluid and electrolyte balance to prevent further complications. comprehensive care involves regular monitoring of kidney function and associated parameters to adjust therapeutic interventions accordingly.
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