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ABCTE Professional Teaching Knowledge - Reviews


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See why our users from 154 countries love us for their exam prep! Including 145 reviews for the ABCTE Professional Teaching Knowledge exam.

Exam Edge is an industry leader in online test prep. We work with institutional partners to offer a wide array of practice tests that will help you prepare for your big exam. No matter how niche your field of interest might be, we're here to help you prepare for test day.

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ABCTE Professional Teaching Knowledge - Test Reviews Sample Questions

The seventh grade teacher is learning about important terms related to developmental theories. She is researching the term avoidance learning. She found this is part of what theory? 

Correct Answer:
this is part of the operant conditioning theory.


avoidance learning is primarily associated with operant conditioning theory, which was developed by b.f. skinner. operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.

in the context of operant conditioning, avoidance learning is a process where a subject learns to avoid punishments or negative outcomes by engaging in particular behaviors. it is one of the two types of negative reinforcement proposed by skinner; the other being escape learning. in avoidance learning, the behavior is reinforced because it prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring. for example, if a student learns that studying for exams early helps avoid the stress of last-minute cramming and the potential negative outcomes of poor performance, they are engaging in avoidance learning.

this type of learning is different from escape learning, where the behavior occurs as a response to an aversive stimulus with the goal of terminating it. for instance, taking an analgesic to get rid of a headache is an example of escape learning.

it is important to distinguish operant conditioning and avoidance learning from other developmental theories such as cognitive development theory, psychosexual development theory, and psychosocial development theory. cognitive development theory, proposed by jean piaget, focuses on how thinking and problem-solving skills evolve in children. psychosexual development theory, developed by sigmund freud, emphasizes the influence of childhood experiences on the personality, and psychosocial development theory, formulated by erik erikson, explores the impact of social experiences across the lifespan. none of these theories specifically address the concept of learning through the avoidance of negative consequences as operant conditioning does.

A teacher is researching operant conditioning. She is very interested in punishment and reinforcement. Which is true about punishment and negative reinforcement?

Correct Answer:
negative reinforcement is used to tell a student what to do, while punishment only tells the student what not to do. 
to address the question regarding the differences between punishment and negative reinforcement in the context of operant conditioning, it's crucial to understand the definitions and implications of each. b.f. skinner, a well-known psychologist, developed the theory of operant conditioning that includes these concepts.

**punishment** is a component of operant conditioning that aims to reduce or eliminate an unwanted behavior by applying an adverse stimulus or removing a desirable one immediately following the behavior. there are two types of punishment: 1. **positive punishment**: this involves presenting an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior. for example, scolding a student for speaking out of turn in order to decrease that behavior. 2. **negative punishment** (also called response cost): this involves removing a desirable stimulus following the behavior. for instance, taking away a child's toy following a tantrum. the primary intent of punishment is to tell a person what not to do by making certain behaviors less likely to occur in the future. however, punishment can have side effects such as creating fear, promoting secrecy, or even causing aggression, as it does not guide the individual towards desired behaviors.

**negative reinforcement**, on the other hand, is also aimed at increasing the likelihood of a behavior, but it does so by removing an unpleasant stimulus when the desired behavior is performed. this is often misunderstood as a form of punishment, but it actually reinforces the behavior. for example, if a teacher turns off a loud and annoying noise when students begin their homework, the cessation of noise negatively reinforces the behavior of starting homework. here, the "negative" aspect refers to the removal of the unpleasant stimulus, not to the desirability of the reinforcement. negative reinforcement teaches individuals what to do by encouraging repeat behaviors that lead to the removal of the unpleasant condition. it does not create fear or aggression but instead promotes learning through the avoidance of discomfort.

comparatively, while punishment focuses on decreasing the frequency of unwanted behaviors by introducing or increasing negative consequences, negative reinforcement focuses on increasing desired behaviors by removing negative conditions. both are important in behavior modification strategies but serve different purposes and lead to different outcomes in terms of behavioral response and psychological effects.

in summary, the statement that "negative reinforcement is used to tell a student what to do, while punishment only tells the student what not to do" is accurate. b.f. skinner's discussions on these topics highlight their roles and effects within the framework of operant conditioning, emphasizing the importance of understanding these mechanisms for effective teaching and behavior management strategies.

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