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Correct Answer: both a and b
albert bandura's social cognitive theory primarily emerged from the earlier framework of social learning theory. social learning theory itself evolved as an extension of behaviorism, incorporating observational learning and the importance of cognitive processes in shaping behavior.
social learning theory posits that learning occurs in a social context and can happen purely through observation or instruction, without the reinforcement of behavior changes, which was a primary component of behaviorism. this theory introduced the idea that people can learn by watching others, not just through direct experience. key concepts such as attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation were integral to this theory, highlighting cognitive contributions to learning.
behaviorism, on the other hand, focused largely on observable behaviors and the ways they were learned through conditioning. behaviorists argued that all behaviors are the result of external stimuli and that internal states such as thoughts, feelings, and motivations were irrelevant. this view is quite different from that of social cognitive theory, which considers cognitive processes as central to understanding behaviors.
the transition from behaviorism to social learning theory and subsequently to social cognitive theory represents a shift from a focus on externally observable behaviors to a more comprehensive framework that includes internal cognitive processes. bandura's social cognitive theory expanded upon these ideas by emphasizing reciprocal determinism, where cognitive factors, behavior, and environmental influences all interact to influence learning and behavior.
in conclusion, bandura considered that social cognitive approaches grew out of social learning theory, which itself was an evolution from behaviorism. this progression reflects an increasing acknowledgment of the role of cognitive processes in understanding and predicting behavior in a social context.
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