Correct Answer: it is subtracted from the larger roman numeral.
in roman numerals, the placement of a smaller numeral before a larger numeral indicates subtraction. this rule is part of the subtractive notation used to avoid four consecutive identical numerals.
the principle behind this notation is straightforward: instead of adding the value of the numerals together as is done when a smaller numeral follows a larger numeral, the value of the numeral placed before is subtracted from the numeral that follows. this method of notation helps in reducing the length of the numeral and making it more easily readable.
for example, the roman numeral for four is not represented as iiii (which is simply additive notation), but rather as iv. here, i (1) is placed before v (5), and according to the rule, it is subtracted, making iv equal to 4 (5 - 1 = 4). similarly, ix represents 9, which is calculated by subtracting i (1) from x (10), resulting in 9 (10 - 1 = 9).
other examples include xl for 40, where x (10) is subtracted from l (50), resulting in 40 (50 - 10 = 40), and xc for 90, calculated by subtracting x (10) from c (100) to get 90 (100 - 10 = 90).
this subtractive notation is used only in specific instances and is typically limited to combinations where the smaller numeral is either one-fifth or one-tenth the value of the larger numeral. this rule ensures consistency and avoids confusion in the interpretation of roman numerals. thus, understanding this principle is crucial for correctly reading and writing roman numerals.
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